- Original research
- Open Access
Improved labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated peptides and antibodies with 111In in HEPES and MES buffer
- Received: 23 November 2011
- Accepted: 27 January 2012
- Published: 27 January 2012
Abstract
Background
In single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT], high specific activity of 111In-labelled tracers will allow administration of low amounts of tracer to prevent receptor saturation and/or side effects. To increase the specific activity, we studied the effect of the buffer used during the labelling procedure: NaAc, NH4Ac, HEPES and MES buffer. The effect of the ageing of the 111InCl3 stock and cadmium contamination, the decay product of 111In, was also examined in these buffers.
Methods
Escalating amounts of 111InCl3 were added to 1 μg of the diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid [DTPA]- and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid [DOTA]-conjugated compounds (exendin-3, octreotide and anti-carbonic anhydrase IX [CAIX] antibody). Five volumes of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid [MES], 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid [HEPES], NH4Ac or NaAc (0.1 M, pH 5.5) were added. After 20 min at 20°C (DTPA-conjugated compounds), at 95°C (DOTA-exendin-3 and DOTA-octreotide) or at 45°C (DOTA-anti-CAIX antibody), the labelling efficiency was determined by instant thin layer chromatography. The effect of the ageing of the 111InCl3 stock on the labelling efficiency of DTPA-exendin-3 as well as the effect of increasing concentrations of Cd2+ (the decay product of 111In) were also examined.
Results
Specific activities obtained for DTPA-octreotide and DOTA-anti-CAIX antibody were five times higher in MES and HEPES buffer. Radiolabelling of DTPA-exendin-3, DOTA-exendin-3 and DTPA-anti-CAIX antibody in MES and HEPES buffer resulted in twofold higher specific activities than that in NaAc and NH4Ac. Labelling of DTPA-exendin-3 decreased with 66% and 73% for NaAc and NH4Ac, respectively, at day 11 after the production date of 111InCl3, while for MES and HEPES, the maximal decrease in the specific activity was 10% and 4% at day 11, respectively. The presence of 1 pM Cd2+ in the labelling mixture of DTPA-exendin-3 in NaAc and NH4Ac markedly reduced the labelling efficiency, whereas Cd2+ concentrations up to 0.1 nM did not affect the labelling efficiency in MES and HEPES buffer.
Conclusions
We showed improved labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds with 111In in HEPES and MES buffer. The enhanced labelling efficiency appears to be due to the reduced competitive chelation of cadmium. The enhanced labelling efficiency will allow more sensitive imaging of the biomarkers with SPECT.
Keywords
- 111In-radiolabelling
- peptides
- antibodies
- chelator
Introduction
Radiolabelled peptides and antibodies are used for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy of tumours. The most successful example of peptide receptor imaging is the somatostatin analogue octreotide, which targets the somatostatin receptor subtype 2, overexpressed on neuroendocrine tumours. Tracers labelled with a radiometal via a chelator have the advantage that they can be labelled with high efficiency (> 95%) without the need for post-labelling purification and that the metabolites are trapped in the lysosomes of the cell, leading to higher accumulation in the target cell. This phenomenon is referred to as 'metabolic trapping' [1–5]. Ideally, low peptide or protein doses are administered because high doses may lead to saturation of the receptor, resulting in reduced accumulation of the radiotracer in the target tissue [6]. In addition, higher doses may cause toxic side effects, especially when agonists are used. In order to administer activity doses sufficient for imaging (single photon emission computed tomography or planar scintigraphy), tracers with a high specific activity [SA] are required. There is a need to further increase the SA to improve image quality, especially in the preclinical setting. In general, the tracer doses administered in rodent models must be kept low while at the same time administering relatively high activity doses (> 10 MBq/animal). 111In is a widely used radionuclide for the labelling of peptides and proteins used for imaging purposes. To enable labelling with a radiometal, such as 111In, the targeting molecule has to be conjugated with a chelator. The most commonly used chelators are diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid [DTPA] and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid [DOTA]. Labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds is a one-step reaction in which the conjugated compound is incubated with 111InCl3 in a slightly acidic buffer, keeping the pH between 4 and 5.5. Acetate buffers are commonly used as a buffer for 111In-labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds. Acetate buffers readily form coordination complexes with metals. It is assumed that coordinating buffers are needed for efficient chelation of radiometals [7]. However, for 68Ga-labelling of DOTA-conjugated compounds, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid [HEPES] is successfully used as a buffer. Although developed for biological purposes by Good et al., HEPES has beneficial characteristics in chemistry involving metal ions as a non-coordinating buffer [8]. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid [MES] was also described as a 'good buffer' [8] and has similar characteristics. Although HEPES and MES were described as non-coordinating buffers, recent reports showed that HEPES forms weak complexes with Cu(II) and Pb(II), but not with Zn(II) or Cd(II) [9, 10]. Therefore, the term 'weakly coordinating' buffers seems to be more appropriate.
The fact that HEPES is successfully used for labelling of compounds with 68Ga prompted us to examine the effect of the weakly coordinating buffers, HEPES and MES, on the 111In-labelling and compared this with the radiolabelling in routinely used acetate buffer (sodium acetate and ammonium acetate). For comparison of the radiolabelling in these buffers, two peptides, exendin-3 and octreotide, and the chimeric monoclonal antibody [mAb] targeting carbonic anhydrase IX [CAIX], each conjugated with DTPA or DOTA, were used.
Experimental procedures
Peptides and antibodies and conjugation with DTPA or DOTA
DTPA-Tyr3-octreotide, DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide, [Lys40(DTPA)]exendin-3 [DTPA-exendin-3] and [Lys40(DOTA)]exendin-3 [DOTA-exendin-3] [11] were purchased from Peptide Specialty Laboratories GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). The chimeric mAb anti-CAIX (cG250) was obtained from Wilex AG (Munich, Germany). The conjugation of anti-CAIX with SCN-Bz-DTPA or SCN-Bz-DOTA (Macrocyclics, Dallas, TX, USA) with a 50-fold molar excess was performed in a 0.1 M NaHCO3 buffer, with a pH of 8.2. After 1-h incubation, the conjugation mixture was dialyzed in a dialysis cell with a molecular cut-off value of 20 kD (Slide-a-lyzer, Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) against 0.25 M ammonium acetate (pH 5.5) with five buffer changes to remove the unconjugated SCN-Bz-DTPA and SCN-Bz-DOTA. After conjugation, the protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) at 280 nm. The substitution ratio was determined by the labelling of the conjugation mixture with 111InCl3 (Covidien, Petten, The Netherlands) described by Hnatowich et al. [12]. After incubation at room temperature [RT] for 20 min, quality control was performed on silica-gel instant thin layer chromatography [ITLC] strips (ITLC-SG, Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY, USA) with sodium citrate, with a pH of 5.5, as the mobile phase (retention factor [R f] 111In-labelled anti-CAIX mAb = 0, R f 111In-DTPA or 111In-DOTA = 1). The substitution ratio is represented by the percentage of activity with an R f of 0 when the conjugation mixture is labelled.
Buffers
Sodium acetate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was dissolved in distilled water (Versol, Lyon, France) to a final concentration of 0.1 M, and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 by titration with 1 M HCl (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium acetate buffer was prepared by mixing equal volumes of 0.2 M acetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 0.2 M ammonia (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 by adding 0.2 M acetic acid or 0.2 M ammonia. MES and HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in distilled water to a final concentration of 0.1 M, and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with 1 M NaOH (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).
111In-labelling of peptides and antibodies
The labelling of the six compounds with 111In was performed 9 days after 111In production (The calibration date of 111InCl3 is 10 days after the production of 111InCl3, and the expiry date of 111InCl3 is 11 days after the production of 111InCl3). The peptides and antibodies were dissolved in metal-free water to a final concentration of 0.1 μg/μl, and 5 μl was added to a 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES or HEPES buffer. Five volumes of buffer and one volume of 111InCl3 (Covidien, Petten, The Netherlands) were added. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 20 min at RT for DTPA-conjugated compounds, at 95°C for DOTA-exendin and DOTA-octreotide or at 45°C for the DOTA-conjugated anti-CAIX antibody. After incubation, Tween80 (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to a final concentration of 0.1%, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 0.25 M NH4Ac, with a pH of 5.5, was added to a final concentration of 5 mM to complex unincorporated 111In. Quality control was performed on silica-gel ITLC strips with 0.1 M EDTA in 0.1 M NH4Ac as a mobile phase (R f 111In-labelled compounds = 0, R f 111In-EDTA = 1). The maximum SA was determined by correcting the initial SA for the radiochemical purity.
Effect of ageing of the 111InCl3 stock on the labelling efficiency of DTPA-exendin-3
DTPA-exendin-3 (0.5 μg) was labelled in triplicate (except for t = 14, which is in duplicate) with 111In (75 MBq) in 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES and HEPES, with a pH of 5.5, as described above, from 4 days after the production date (delivery of 111InCl3) until 14 days after the production date of 111InCl3. Quality control was performed as described above.
Effect of the presence of cadmium on the labelling efficiency of DTPA-exendin-3
The effect of cadmium, the decay product of 111In, on the radiolabelling was examined by adding increasing amounts of Cd2+ to the labelling mixture of DTPA-exendin-3. CdCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 0.1 M Ultrapure HCl (J.T. Baker, Deventer, The Netherlands), and serial dilutions ranging from 10-1 to 10-7 M CdCl2 in 0.02 M HCl were prepared. DTPA-exendin-3 (0.5 μg) was labelled with 1.85 MBq 111InCl3 (at day 9 after 111InCl3 production) in 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES and HEPES, with a pH of 5.5, as described above, and various amounts of CdCl2 were added simultaneously with 111InCl3 to amounts ranging from 1 × 10-3 to 9 × 104 nmol (resulting in final concentrations of Cd2+ ranging from 1 pM to 8.3 μM). The amount of buffer was adjusted for the amount of CdCl2 in 0.02 M HCl added (final pH 5.5). The experiment was performed in triplicate for all CdCl2 concentrations and all buffers. Quality control was performed as described above.
Results
Substitution ratio of DTPA- and DOTA-anti-CAIX
The substitution ratio of DTPA- and DOTA-anti-CAIX was 3 DTPA and 7 DOTA molecules per antibody molecule, respectively.
Effect of the buffer on the labelling efficiency of DTPA conjugates
111 In-labelling. 111In-labelling of DTPA-exendin-3, DOTA-exendin-3, DTPA-octreotide, DOTA-octreotide, DTPA-anti-CAIX and DOTA-anti-CAIX in 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES and HEPES buffers.
Maximal specific activities. Maximal specific activities (in megabecquerel per nanomole) for DTPA-exendin-3, DOTA-exendin-3, DTPA-octreotide, DOTA-octreotide, DTPA-anti-CAIX and DOTA-anti-CAIX in 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES and HEPES buffers.
Maximal specific activities of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds
Compound | NaAc (MBq/nmol)a | NH4Ac (MBq/nmol)a | MES (MBq/nmol)a | HEPES (MBq/nmol)a | Maximum theoretical SAb (GBq/nmol) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DTPA-exendin-3 | 379 ± 16 | 207 ± 20 | 717 ± 29 | 837 ± 6 | 1.7 |
DTPA-octreotide | 95 ± 5 | 52 ± 4 | 248 ± 24 | 650 ± 10 | 1.7 |
DTPA-cG250 | 338 ± 60 | 246 ± 37 | 835 ± 46 | 939 ± 50 | 5.2 |
DOTA-exendin-3 | 23 ± 8 | 22 ± 1 | 56 ± 4 | 38 ± 16 | 1.7 |
DOTA-octreotide | 38 ± 0 | 39 ± 0 | 39 ± 0 | 39 ± 0 | 1.7 |
DOTA-cG250 | 330 ± 87 | 254 ± 2 | 947 ± 44 | 1018 ± 7 | 12.4 |
Percentage of the maximum theoretical SA. Percentage of the maximum theoretical SA of DTPA-exendin-3, DOTA-exendin-3, DTPA-octreotide, DOTA-octreotide, DTPA-anti-CAIX and DOTA-anti-CAIX in 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES and HEPES buffers.
Effect of the buffer on the labelling efficiency of DOTA conjugates
The SA for 111In-DOTA-exendin-3 was lower than that of 111In-DTPA-exendin-3 (Figure 2 and Table 1). However, the same trend was observed: Labelling in MES and HEPES resulted in higher SA (56 ± 4 and 38 ± 16 MBq/nmol) compared to that in the acetate buffers (NaAc 23 ± 8 MBq/nmol and NH4Ac 22 ± 1 MBq/nmol), with the exception that MES performed better than HEPES in these experiments (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1). Also, for DOTA-anti-CAIX, higher SA were observed in MES and HEPES buffer, 947 ± 44 and 1,018 ± 7 MBq/nmol, respectively, versus 330 ± 87 MBq/nmol for NaAc and 254 ± 2 MBq/nmol for NH4Ac (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1). No difference in specific activities was observed for DOTA-octreotide (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1).
The complexation of 111In by DOTA-conjugated compounds was less efficient than that by DTPA-conjugated compounds (Figure 3). The most efficient complexation of 111In was achieved by the labelling of DOTA-anti-CAIX in HEPES buffer, 8.2 ± 0.1% of the DOTA chelates complexed an 111In atom. Labelling in HEPES buffer resulted in similar complexation efficiency (7.6 ± 0.4%), whereas labelling in acetate buffers resulted in a three to fivefold reduction in the percentage of DOTA molecules complexed (NaAc 2.7 ± 0.7 and NH4Ac 1.6 ± 0.4). Incorporation of 111In was also more efficient in HEPES and MES buffer for DOTA-exendin-3, but no differences in complexation efficiency were observed when DOTA-octreotide was labelled.
Effect of ageing of the 111InCl3 stock on the labelling efficiency of DTPA-exendin-3
Radiolabelling of DTPA-exendin-3 with 111 In. Radiolabelling of DTPA-exendin-3 with 111In at different time points from the production (day 0) of 111InCl3 for 0.1 M NaAc, NH4Ac, MES and HEPES. Asterisk, labelling performed in duplicate; double asterisks, single labelling performed.
Maximal SA of 111 In-DTPA-exendin-3 at several time points after 111 InCl 3 production ( t = 1 day). The SA was calculated by the initial SA (712 MBq/nmol) corrected by the labelling efficiency. Asterisk, labelling performed in duplicate; double asterisks, single labelling performed.
Effect of the presence of cadmium on the labelling efficiency of DTPA-exendin-3
Effect of cadmium on labelling of 111 In-DTPA-exendin-3 in 0.1 M NaAc, NH 4 Ac, MES and HEPES.
50% Inhibitory concentration of cadmium on the 111In-labelling of DTPA-exendin-3
Buffer | 50% inhibitory concentration of Cd2+ (nM)a |
|---|---|
NaAc | 0.011 (0.007 to 0.019) |
NH4Ac | 0.013 (0.010 to 0.019) |
MES | 2.5 (1.5 to 4.1) |
HEPES | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.3) |
The Cd2+ concentration that lead to a 50% reduction in labelling efficiency was lower in NaAc (0.011 nM, 95% confidence interval 0.007 to 0.019 nM) and NH4Ac (0.013 nM, 95% confidence interval 0.010 to 0.019 nM) than that in MES (2.5 nM, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 4.1 nM) and HEPES (2.7, 95% confidence interval 2.2 to 3.3 nM), indicating that the labelling efficiency was not affected by Cd2+ contamination in MES and HEPES buffer.
Discussion
High SA of 111In-labelled peptides and antibodies is required to administer a tracer dose of peptide or protein, preventing target saturation and/or side effects, while administering high activity doses required for imaging. Acetate buffers are routinely used for the labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds with 111In. Here, we examined the effect of the buffer used during the radiolabelling: HEPES and MES, and compared this with the most commonly used acetate buffers: sodium acetate and ammonium acetate, and showed that an increased SA could be obtained when DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds were labelled in MES or HEPES buffer. Moreover, the labelling efficiency was not affected by Cd2+ concentrations up to 0.1 nM when the labelling was performed in MES and HEPES, whereas a drastic effect was observed when the labelling was performed in acetate buffers. In line with these results, the ageing of the 111InCl3 stock had only a minor effect on the labelling efficiency 14 days after the production of 111InCl3 when compounds were labelled in MES and HEPES.
The use of MES as a buffer for radiolabelling resulted in a SA of all DTPA-conjugated compounds that was approximately two to three times higher when compared to radiolabelling in ammonium acetate and sodium acetate, respectively. When HEPES was used, an even higher SA of the DTPA-conjugated compounds was observed: four times higher than the labelling performed in ammonium acetate. The effect was less pronounced when the DOTA-conjugated compounds were labelled with 111In. Overall, radiolabelling in HEPES and MES was more efficient than that in acetate buffers in most cases and at least as efficient as in the case of DOTA-octreotide. Labelling of DOTA-conjugated compounds resulted in 5 to 20 times lower SA than that of DTPA-conjugated compounds. Most likely, this is due to the interference of contaminating metals with DOTA chelation, which might play a role to a lesser extent when labelling DTPA-conjugated compounds.
The decay product of 111In, 111Cd, can also be chelated by DTPA or DOTA, and it is therefore expected that the complexation of 111In is less efficient over time due to increasing amounts of Cd2+. Indeed, this phenomenon was observed when sodium acetate and ammonium acetate were used for the 111In-labelling of DTPA-exendin. Lower labelling efficiencies were observed as early as 7 days after the production of 111InCl3, and threefold lower SA were obtained when the labelling was performed with 111InCl3 11 days after the production date. This effect was not observed for the labelling of DTPA-exendin-3 in MES and HEPES with a maximal decrease in SA of 10% and 4% at day 11, respectively. Even the decrease in SA 14 days after the calibration date of 111InCl3 was not more than 18% for 111In-labelling in MES and 5% for HEPES. These latter results could explain the differences in SA of the six compounds used in this study since the labelling of these compounds was performed with 111In 9 days after production. Generally, 111InCl3 is used from 7 to 11 days after the production day, which could lead to reduced specific activities at later time points when acetate buffers are used. To overcome this problem, HEPES or MES buffer could be used for radiolabelling, with high specific activities at time points up to 14 days after 111InCl3 production. This could have an impact on experiment planning since experiments which require high-SA-labelled compounds are only available early after 111In production when acetate buffers are used, whereas the time point is not relevant when MES or HEPES is used. These results suggest that increasing amounts of Cd2+ contamination, due to the ageing of the 111InCl3 stock, do not influence the labelling of DTPA-conjugated compounds when MES and HEPES are used as a buffer for radiolabelling.
The suggested effect of cadmium on the 111In-labelling of DTPA-conjugated compounds was confirmed when increasing amounts of Cd2+ were added to the 111In-labelling mixture of DTPA-exendin. In HEPES and MES buffer, a 100-fold higher amount of cadmium could be added to the labelling mixture without reducing the labelling efficiency than in acetate buffer. The decreased labelling efficiency at low concentrations of cadmium might be due to the efficient formation of coordination complexes of Cd2+ with acetate, allowing efficient 'transchelation' of Cd2+, whereas no coordination complex with HEPES or MES is formed [9], and transchelation of Cd2+ to DTPA or DOTA is less efficient.
It has been postulated that coordination complex formation of 111In with acetate buffers is necessary for efficient labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds [13] since it is assumed that the coordination complex formation prevents the formation of insoluble 111In-hydroxide. This study suggests that coordination complex formation of the buffer with 111In is less important for efficient labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds since the labelling in the weakly coordinating buffers MES and HEPES was more efficient than that in acetate buffers in most cases or at least equivocal in the case of DOTA-octreotide.
Breeman et al. described the effect of contaminants on the labelling of DOTA-octreotide with 111In, 177Lu and 90Y, and found a similar result of the effect of cadmium contamination on the radiolabelling [14]. The labelling procedures described in the latter study were performed in sodium acetate, and these findings are in line with the findings in our study, where a pronounced effect of Cd2+ on the labelling of DTPA-exendin-3 is observed when sodium acetate is used as buffer for radiolabelling.
The purification of 111InCl3 by an anion exchange method was described to improve the labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds caused by the removal of contaminants, mainly Cd2+, present in the 111InCl3 solution [15]. By using HEPES or MES buffer for the labelling of the compounds, this could omit a time-consuming purification method.
Conclusions
We showed improved labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated peptides, proteins and antibodies with 111In when HEPES or MES buffer was used for radiolabelling. The enhanced labelling efficiency could be due to the reduced competitive chelation of cadmium, the decay product of 111In. When 111In-labelling of DTPA- and DOTA-conjugated compounds is performed in MES or HEPES, 111In-labelled compounds can be produced with high specific activities regardless from the time point after 111In production.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Our work was supported by NIH grant 1R01 AG 030328-01 and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), project BetaImage, under grant agreement no. 222980.
Authors’ Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
