Table 1 Overview of the role of CD103 concerning prognostic benefit across multiple types of solid cancer

Cervical cancer [22]

High infiltration of CD103⁺ T cells was associated with improved survival in the radio (chemo) therapy group

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [23]

Increases in the tumor-reactive CD103⁺ CD39⁺ CD8⁺ TIL coalbeds a potential biomarker of anti-OX40 clinical activity

Lung and bladder cancer [24]

The presence of CD103⁺ CD8⁺ T_RM, quantified by tracking intra-tumoral CD103 expression, can predict treatment outcomes, suggesting that patients who respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade are those who exhibit an ongoing antitumor T cell response

Cholangiocarcinoma [25]

CD69⁺CD103⁺ T_RM-like CD8⁺ TILs represent prominent tumor-specific immune responses and hold promise as a potential therapeutic target in ICC patients

Gastric cancer [26]

CD103⁺ T cells, accompanied by CD8⁺ T cells, were observed in the tumor epithelium and were associated with a better prognosis in gastric cancer. Furthermore, CD103⁺ T cells were located around tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), and patients with high CD103 had richer TLS. Patients with CD103-high cells and TLS-rich tissues had a better prognosis than patients with CD103-low cells who were TLS-poor. Moreover, for patients who received PD-1 blockade therapy, CD103 levels were high and TLS-rich, predicting a potential response

Ovarian cancer [27]

CD103-positive tissue-resident memory-like CD8⁺ T cells (CD8⁺ CD103⁺ T_RM) is associated with improved prognosis across malignancies, including high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC)

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [28]

CD103⁺ TILs play an essential role in the tumor microenvironment, and intra-tumoral CD103⁺ TILs could serve as a promising prognostic marker in ESCC

Colorectal cancer [29]

The density of tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺T cells or the number of resident CD103⁺ CD8⁺T cells in colorectal tissues could be a significant prognostic predictor for this malignancy

Melanoma [21]

CD103⁺ tumor-resident CD8⁺ T cells are associated with improved survival in immunotherapy naïve melanoma patients and expand significantly during anti-PD-1 treatment