Altered brain metabolism in frontotemporal dementia and psychiatric disorders: involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex

EJNMMI Research

Table 3 Association brain metabolism within the FTD mask and behavioural symptoms, social cognition and cognitive function

Anatomical region	Laterality	MNI coordinates			Cohen’s d	Cluster size in voxels
Anatomical region	Laterality	x	y	z	Cohen’s d	Cluster size in voxels
Social cognition (Ekman 60 faces test)
Temporal cortex
Inferior temporal gyrus	Right	48	− 4	− 38	0.98	941
Temporal pole	Left	− 48	12	− 34	0.88	519
Fusiform gyrus	Left	− 40	− 36	− 24	0.75	26
Medial temporal gyrus	Right	62	− 26	− 4	0.75	89
Dorsal ACC	Bilateral	2	42	− 10	0.77	140
dlPFC	Right	10	− 30	46	0.72	15
OFC	Right	2	42	− 8	0.67	66
Motor cortex	Left	− 26	− 4	56	0.72	15
Compulsiveness
dlPFC	Right	4	18	52	0.64	129
Executive function and language
Letterfluency D-A-T
PFC^{^}	Right	10	68	14	0.57	321
Motor cortex	Left	− 10	26	62	0.50	26
Animal fluency
PFC	Right	2	46	16	0.54	65
Temporal pole	Left	− 60	4	− 22	0.50	26
Colour-word interference
Thalamus	Left	− 6	– 18	2	0.44	10

Significance was set at P < .001, cluster size k > 10, FWE-uncorrected. Analysis for social cognition and compulsiveness were adjusted for age, sex and type of scanner. Analysis for executive function and language were adjusted for age, sex, education and type of scanner
ACC anterior cingulate cortex, dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, MNI Montreal Neurological Institute
^{^}Anterior part of PFC. The Cohen’s d was calculated based upon the sample size and SPM-derived T values, while using the following formula: Cohen’s d = t/[N]^1/2. Interpretation of the effect size of Cohen’s d are as follows: 0.2 = small effect. 0.5 = moderate effect. 0.8 = large effect. Overview of patients included per test based on available data: social cognition (Ekman 60 faces test): bvFTD: 11/28; PPD: 18/35. There were no differences regarding demographics, clinical data and cognitive performance between the samples with and without missing data. Compulsiveness (SRI): bvFTD 14/28; PPD 27/35. Executive function and language: Letterfluency D-A-T: bvFTD 25/28; PPD 26/35. Animal fluency: bvFTD 25/28; PPD 27/35; controls: 8/16. Colour-word interference: bvFTD 24/28; PPD 26/35; controls 7/16. Yielded no correlations with brain metabolism, thus not shown in Table 3: mental flexibility (TMTB): bvFTD 25/28; PPD 27/35; controls 8/16. Severity of depressive symptoms (MADRS): bvFTD 14/28; PPD: 27/35