Altered brain metabolism in frontotemporal dementia and psychiatric disorders: involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex

van Engelen, Marie-Paule E.; Verfaillie, Sander C. J.; Dols, Annemieke; Oudega, Mardien L.; Boellaard, Ronald; Golla, Sandeep S. V.; den Hollander, Marijke; Ossenkoppele, Rik; Scheltens, Philip; van Berckel, Bart N. M.; Pijnenburg, Yolande A. L.; Vijverberg, Everard G. B.

doi:10.1186/s13550-023-01020-2

EJNMMI Research

Table 1 Demographics

From: Altered brain metabolism in frontotemporal dementia and psychiatric disorders: involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex

	All	bvFTD*	PPD^¥	Controls	p value
	n = 79	n = 28	n = 35	n = 16	p value
Sex (Female, %)	25 (31)	11 (38)	8 (23)	6 (38)	0.34^†
Age (median, Q1–Q3)	62 [57–68]	63 [57–69]	60 [55–64]	68 [60–71]	0.01^∞a,b
Education¹	4.9 ± 1.3	5.2 ± 1.4	4.6 ± 1.2	5.8 ± 1.3	0.01†^a,b
Disease duration (median, Q1–Q3)²	3.0 [2–5]	2.5 [2–6]	3.0 [2–5]	n.a	0.71^$
Follow-up duration, years (median, Q1–Q3)	3 [2–5]	4.0 [2–7]	3 [2–5]	n.a.^@	0.32^$
Psychotropic drug use (n yes, %)	35 (44)	16 (55)	19 (54)	0 (0)	0.80^{†^}
Combination of drugs*	15 (19.0)	4 (14.3)	11 (31.4)	0 (0)
SSRI/SNRI	10 (12.7)	5 (17.9)	5 (14.3)	0 (0)
TCA	2 (2.5)	0 (0)	2 (5.7)	0 (0)
Atypical anti-psychotics	2 (2.5)	1 (3.6)	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
Benzodiazepines	1 (1.3)	1 (3.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Other**	5 (6.3)	3 (10.7)	2 (5.7)	0 (0)
MMSE (median, Q1–Q3)	27 [26–29]	26 [24–29]	27 [26–29]	29 [28–30]	<0.001^∞a,b
FAB (median, Q1–Q3)	17 [14–18]	16 [14–17]	17 [12–18]	18 [17, 18]	0.02^∞a,b
Ekman 60 faces test (mean ± SD)	37 ± 9.0	32 ± 9.3	40 ± 7.1	^^	0.004^#c
MADRS (mean ± SD)	12 ± 8.9	7 ± 6.5	15 ± 9.0	^^	0.006^#c
SRI (median, Q1–Q3)	5 [2–13]	11 [3–17]	4 [2–8]	^^	0.045∞^c
Executive functioning/language
Letterfluency D-A-T (median, Q1–Q3)	28 [18–35]	21 [16–37]	32 [18–36]	^^	0.26^$
Animal fluency (median, Q1–Q3)	19 [13–24]	14 [9–18]	20 [14–25]	23 [20–30]	0.002∞^a,c
Trail making test B (median, Q1–Q3)	104 [75–174]	116 [84–239]	99 [74–166]	74 [59–96]	0.009∞^a,b
Colour-word interference (median, Q1–Q3)	1.8 [1.6–2.0]	1.9 [1.6–2.1]	1.8 [1.6–2.0]	1.8 [1.7–1.9]	0.84∞
Stroop 3 (median, Q1–Q3)	130 [107–156]	140 [117–160]	129 [107–186]	109 [80–140]	0.06∞
[¹⁸F]FDG PET scans visually assessed, % abnormal	53%	89%	49%	0%
FDG SUV normalization variables
Body weight, kg (median, Q1–Q3)	78 [69–85]	73 [65–79]	82 [70–96]	80 [67–85]	0.06^∞
Injected dose, MBq (median, Q1–Q3)	188 [181–195]	190 [181–195]	186 [181–195]	188 [182–191]	0.67^∞
Mean activity in dACC (mean ± SD)^±	5.79 ± 1.51	5.01 ± 1.43	6.39 ± 1.48	5.79 ± 1.10	0.003^c
Mean activity in motor cortex (mean ± SD)^±	5.26 ± 1.06	5.30 ± 1.12	5.46 ± 1.07	4.71 ± 0.75	0.04^a,b

Data are representative for time of conducting [¹⁸F]FDG PET scan
n.a. Not applicable, dACC dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, FAB frontal assessment battery, MADRS Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, MBqmegabecquerel, MMSE mini-mental state examination, SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SUV standardized uptake value, SNRI non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor/serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SRI Stereotypy Rating Inventory, TCA tricyclic antidepressants
*Probable bvFTD n = 18, definite bvFTD n = 10
*Includes anti-epileptics, classic/atypical anti-psychotics, benzodiazepines, lithium, MAO-inhibitor, TCA
**Includes amphetamines, levodopa with decarboxylase inhibitors, drugs for nicotine addiction, melatonin
^†Fisher exact
^∞Kruskal–Wallis test
^$Mann–Whitney U Test
^#Independent T-test
^{^}Comparison between bvFTD and PPD
^±Raw data of ROI, without using proportional scaling
^@Only seen once at baseline visit
^{^^}Not administered in controls
¹The level of education was classified using the Verhage system [2], ranging from 1 (no or little education) to 7 (highest academic degree)
²Represents the time from onset of symptoms till performance of the [¹⁸F]FDG PET scan
^aSignificant difference between bvFTD versus controls
^bSignificant difference between PPD and controls
^cSignificant difference between bvFTD versus PPD

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