Table 1 FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of metastatic melanoma
From: Magnetic nanoparticles in theranostics of malignant melanoma
Drug | Active ingredient | Mechanism | FDA approval |
|---|---|---|---|
Dacarbazine | Imidazole carboxamide, alkylating agent | Cytostatic; blocks cell division by methylation of DNA component | 1975 |
Interferon a-2b | Cytokine | Adjuvant therapy, immunostimulant | 1995 |
Interleukin -2 (IL-2) | Cytokine | Adjuvant therapy, immunostimulant | 1998 |
Vemurafenib | Small molecule | Protein kinase inhibitor targeting mutated BRAF | 2011 |
Ipilimumab | Antibody, checkpoint inhibitor | Blocks the immune inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 | 2011 |
PEG-IFN alpha-2b | Cytokine | Adjuvant therapy with reduced clearance of agent | 2011 |
Dabrafenib | Small molecule | Protein kinase inhibitor targeting mutated BRAF | 2013 |
Trametinib | Small molecule | Protein kinase inhibitor targeting MEK1/2 | 2013 |
Dabrafenib + Trametinib | Small molecules | Protein kinase inhibitor targeting mutant BRAF and MEK1/2, respectively | 2014 |
Nivolumab | Antibody, checkpoint inhibitor | Blocks the immune inhibitory receptor PD-1 | 2014 |
Pembrolizumab | Antibody, checkpoint inhibitor | Blocks the immune inhibitory receptor PD-1 | 2014 |
Talimogene laherparepvec | Modified herpes simplex virus | Induction of cell lysis | 2014 |
Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib | Small molecules | Protein kinase inhibitor targeting mutant BRAF and MEK1/2, respectively | 2015 |
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab | Antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors | Block the immune inhibitory receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4, respectively | 2015 |
Encorafenib + Binimetinib | Small molecules | Protein kinase inhibitor targeting mutant BRAF and MEK1/2, respectively | 2018 |
Atezolimab + Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib | Antibody and small molecules | Immune checkpoint inhibitor against PD-L1 and protein kinase inhibitors | 2020 |