Table 1 Summary of studies on FAP-specific for non-malignant indications
Author | Year | Non-malignant Indication (patients) | Tracer (patients) | Key findings | COI | Funding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heckmann et al. [5] | 2020 | Investigation of cardiovascular disease (229 patients) | Not specified (229 patients) | High signal intensities are correlated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity) Focal enrichment patterns might be suggestive of underlying cardiovascular disease | Patent application | Fellowship of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research |
Xu et al. [43] | 2020 | Shoulder arthritis (1 patient) | 68Ga-FAPI-04 (1 patient) | FAPI-04 showed a strong uptake in the previously known arthritis | None | None |
Shi et al.[44] | 2020 | Dilated cardiomyopathy/chronic heart failure (1 patient) | 68Ga -FAPI-04 (1 patient) | FAPI-04 showed an increased, heterogeneous uptake pattern The strongest uptake was noted in the left ventricular inferior wall | None | None |
Schmidkonz et al. [6] | 2020 | IgG4-related disease (27 patients) | 68Ga -FAPI-04 (27 patients) | FAP-specific PET can visualize fibrosis in the absence of inflammation and therefore differentiate fibrotic from inflammatory activity | Patent application | German Research Foundation, European Research Council Starting Grant, ELAN and IZKF Fonds, Wilhelm Sander Stiftung, Federal Ministry of Education and Research |
Hayrapetian et al. [45] | 2020 | Elastofibroma dorsi (1 patient) | 68Ga -FAPI-46 (1 patient) | FAPI-46 showed a moderate yet more intense uptake compared to FDG in an infrascapular elastofibroma dorsi | Equity in Sofie Biosciences | Molecular Imaging Research Grant for Junior Academic Faculty, Philippe Foundation Inc, ARC Foundation |
Hao et al.[46] | 2020 | Tuberculosis (1 patient) | 68Ga -FAPI-04 (1 patient) | FAPI-04 showed an increased uptake in tuberculous lesions in brain, lung and spine compared to FDG | None | None |
Chen et al.[4] | 2020 | Tuberculosis (2 patients) Pancreatitis (1 patient) Post-treatment inflammatory reactions (2 patients) Esogastritis (2 patients) Hepatic adenoma (1 patient) Pancreatic cystadenoma (1 patient) | 68Ga -FAPI-04 (9 patients) | FAPI-04 showed an increased uptake in tuberculosis, pancreatitis and post treatment inflammatory reaction No increased uptake could be found in esogastritis, hepatic adenoma and pancreatic cystadenoma | None | National Natural Science Foundation of China, key medical health projects in Xiamen |
Luo et al.[47] | 2020 | IgG4-related disease (26 patients) | 68Ga -FAPI-04 (26 patients) | FAPI-04 showed low background in the head and neck and was therefore more able to detect IgG4-related disease in this region | None | CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences |
Shi et al.[48] | 2020 | Benign hepatic nodules with granulation tissue (1 patient) | 68Ga -FAPI-04 (1 patient) | The only benign hepatic tumor in the study showed a negligible uptake | None | National Natural Science Foundation of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences |
Pang et al.[49] | 2020 | Possible hormonotherapy-induced chronic inflammation of the adrenals (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | FAP-specific PET showed bilateral enhancement of the adrenals in a patient on total androgen blockage | None | None |
Zhao et al.[50] | 2020 | Hepatic adenoma (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | FAP-specific PET showed low enhancement in three benign hepatic nodules in a patient with liver cirrhosis | None | None |
Chen et al.[51] | 2020 | Benign pleural nodules (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | FAP-specific PET showed low enhancement in benign pleural nodules but a focally increased uptake in a lung nodule which turned out to be a primary lung adenocarcinoma | None | None |
Pan et al.[52] | 2020 | IgG4-related disease (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | While FAP-specific PET showed uptake in regions that were negative on FDG-PET such as the lacrimal glands, most FDG-avid lymph nodes were negative | None | CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine |
Luo et al.[53] | 2020 | Tumor-induced pancreatitis (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | FAP-specific PET showed intense uptake of an enlarged pancreas with pancreatitis masking the presence of pancreatic cancer as the underlying cause | None | CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine |
Totzeck et al.[51] | 2019 | Coronary artery disease/possible cardiotoxicity (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | FAP-specific PET showed intense uptake in the left ventricle in a cancer patient with a history of coronary artery disease and chemotherapy but no current acute or chronic coronary syndromes | None | None |
Luo et al.[55] | 2019 | IgG4-related disease (1 patient) | Not specified (1 patient) | While FAP-specific PET showed uptake in regions that were negative on FDG-PET such as the pancreas, most FDG-avid lymph nodes were negative | None | CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine |