Fig. 1

a PDRP identified by pattern analysis in ¹⁸F-FDG PET images from PD1 patients and HC1 subjects. This pattern was characterized by relatively higher metabolism in the bilateral putamen, pallidum, caudate, thalamus, cerebellum, pons and olfactory region, which was associated with decreased metabolism in the posterior parietal–occipital cortices. Regions with metabolic increases (positive region weights) are color-coded from red to yellow; those with metabolic decreases (negative region weights) are color-coded from blue to purple. b The expression of the PDRP pattern showed that the subject scores of PD patients were relatively higher than those of HC subjects in both cohort I and cohort II (P < 0.001). UPDRS motor ratings (c) and PDRP scores (d) in PD2 patients at preoperative baseline, 3-month post-operation and 12-month post-operation in STN DBS “OFF” states both exhibited significant changes across intervals (P < 0.01; RMANOVA). The scatters of different colors and shapes represent the PD patients with DBS treatment