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EJNMMI Research
Fig. 2 | EJNMMI Research

Fig. 2

From: Hypoxia imaging and theranostic potential of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] and ionic Cu(II) salts: a review of current evidence and discussion of the retention mechanisms

Fig. 2

Possible role of copper in tumor hypoxia. a Cu(II) is reduced to Cu(I) by metalloreductases. b Hypoxic tumor activates the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). c Activation of HIF-1 promotes cancer stem cells (CSCs) via survival advantages, which d enhances the self-renewal ability and inhibitsdifferentiation of CSCs. e In effect this is in favor of tumor proliferation, which f generates oxidative stress, and g further worsen tumor hypoxia. On the other hand, h tumor hypoxia stimulates copper transporter 1 (CTR-1) expression, increases the production of CTR-1 to i transport incoming Cu(I), j upregulating the HIF-1 expression, where Cu(I) is required

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