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Fentanyl/fluanisone (Hypnorm™)-based combination
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Good analgesic effect
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Cardiovascular and respiratory depression
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10 ml/kg (mouse), 2.7 ml/kg (rat) i.p. mixture Hypnorm™/Hypnovel™ (midazolam)/water mixture (1:1:2 volume) (120 to 140 min sleep time)Hypnorm™ top-up 0.3 ml/kg (mouse), 0.1ml/kg (rat) i.p. (30 to 40 min sleep time)
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Sedative
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Poor muscle relaxation alone
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Possible to top-up for long-term anaesthesia
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Risk of enterohepatic recirculation: relapse
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Reversal of sedative effect with buprenorphine to speeds up recovery time
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Prolonged recovery time
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| | |
Hypersensitivity to noise
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|
Ketamine-based combination
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Analgesic effects
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Muscle rigidity +++ unless combined with other agents.
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Ketamine + medetomidine 75 mg/kg + 0.5 to 1 mg/kg i.p.(Ketamine + xylazine 75 to 100 mg/kg)/(10mg/kg i.p.)(60 to 120 min sleep time ) (mouse and rats)Atipamezole 1mg/kg i.p.
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Light sedation
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Increases intracranial pressure.
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| |
Wide safety margin
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Recovery often involved with ataxia and hyper responsiveness.
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| | |
Can increase blood pressure
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Alfaxalone (Alfaxan)
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Minimal respiratory or CVS depression
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Administration route i.v. (rodents, cats) or i.m. (primates)
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15 to 20mg/kg (mouse), 10 to 12mg/kg (rat) i.v.(10 to 15 min sleep time after bolus)0.25 to 0.75 mg/kg/min i.v. infusion (long term)
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Rapidly metabolised, repeated doses do not accumulate.
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Suitable for long-term anaesthesia in rodents
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|
Propofol (Rapinovet®, Diprivan®)
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Rapidly metabolised, continuous infusion possible for long-term anaesthesia.
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i.v. use only
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26 mg/kg (mouse), 10 to 12mg/kg (rat) i.v.(10 to 15 min sleep time after bolus)2 to 2.5 mg/kg/min i.v. infusion (long-term, mouse) 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/min i.v. infusion (long-term, rat)
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No analgesic properties
| |
| |
Rapid recovery
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Severe respiratory depression
| |
| |
Can be used in animals with hepatic or renal impairment.
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Apnoea can occur after i.v. bolus
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|
Barbiturates products
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Sedative effect
|
No analgesic properties
|
Pentobarbitone, 40 to 50mg/kg i.p. (mouse) (120 to 180 min sleep)
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Good hypnotic effect
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Severe respiratory depression and hypotensive
| |
| |
Reasonable muscle relaxation
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Easy to overdose
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Thiopentone, 30 mg/kg i.v. 15 min sleep (rat)
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| | |
Metabolites accumulate with time
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| | |
Caustic substances (thiopentone only i.v. route)
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|
Chloral hydrate
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Sedative effect
|
No analgesic properties
|
300 to 400 mg/kg i.p. (1 to 2 h sleep time) (mouse and rats)
|
| |
Good hypnotic effect
|
Paralytic ileus noted in rats
| |
| |
Minimal CVS and respiratory depression
|
Terminal/non-recovery work only
| |
|
α-Chloralose
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Sedative effect
|
No analgesic properties
|
50 to 60 mg/kg i.p. (rats), 120 mg/kg i.p. (mouse)(8 to 12 h for non-recovery only)50 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 25 to 40 mg/kg/h (rats)
|
| |
Good hypnotic effect
|
i.v. use only
| |
| |
Suitable for long-term anaesthesia
|
Slow induction and recovery associated with involuntary excitement
| |
| |
Minimal CVS and respiratory depression
|
Terminal/non-recovery work only
| |
|
Urethane
|
Suitable for long-term anaesthesia.
|
Carcinogenic: only allowed to be used with special justification
|
0.8 to 1.3 g/kg i.p. (mouse and rats)Duration of action 8 to 10 h (non-recovery only)
|
| |
Minimal CVS and respiratory depression
|
Terminal/non-recovery work only
| |
|
Avertin® (tribromoethanol)
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Wide safety margin
|
Local irritation/peritonitis
|
0.015 ml/g body wt of 2.5% i.p.
|
| |
Good muscle relaxation
|
Handling and storage safety issues
|
30 min; supplemental doses of anaesthesia: minimum of 1/2 of the initial dose up to 1 ml maximum volume per animal
|
| |
Rapid induction and recovery
|
Toxic effects
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